DC-DC Converters in Mobile Machines: Managing Load Dump, Voltage Drops and Vehicle Electrical System Disturbances
A construction machine has a 24 V electrical system and its sensor electronics require a...
Radionuclide Identification in Mixed Radiation Fields: Correctly Assessing Shielding and Overlapping Spectra
A radionuclide identifier initially reports Cs-137. After a longer measurement, a second nuclide appears with...
LoRaWAN Sensor Battery Drains Too Quickly: Optimising Transmission Interval, Reception Quality and Alarm Traffic
A battery-powered IIoT sensor is expected to operate for several years without maintenance. However, after...
Calibrating Gas Density Monitors Without Gas Loss: Checking Reference Pressure, Temperature and Switching Points
The SF₆ gas density monitor of a medium- or high-voltage switchgear system indicates a plausible...
SITRANS MAG Reports Empty Pipe: Correctly Checking Electrode Contact, Grounding and Diagnostics
The tank is filled, the pump is running and, according to the plant operator, the...
Implementing Gas Measuring Points with MINIMESS DVGW: Leak Tightness, Purging and Safe Coupling
The pressure on a gas line is to be checked regularly for maintenance and commissioning...
Calibrating Infrared Thermometers: Correctly Using Blackbody Sources, Measuring Distance and Emissivity
An infrared thermometer is positioned in front of a calibration source whose display shows exactly...
Optical Level Switch Gives Incorrect Signals: Correctly Assessing Foam, Bubbles and Deposits
The tank is almost empty, but the optical level switch continues to indicate “full”. After...
Temperature Transmitter with Sensor Break: Correctly Configuring NAMUR Fault Signal, Upscale and Downscale
A Pt100 normally measures 80 °C. Suddenly, the PLC input value rises to the upper...
Pressure Measurement in Refrigeration Systems: Correctly Accounting for Refrigerants, Pulsations and Low Temperatures
The pressure sensor in a refrigeration system provides plausible values when the system is at...