SIL2 Melt Pressure Sensor in an Extruder: Correctly Planning Proof Testing, Diagnostics and the Safety Function
Melt pressure is one of the most important process variables in an extrusion system. Excessive...
Dry-Block Calibrator with the Wrong Insert: Air Gap, Immersion Depth and Axial Uniformity as Sources of Error
A dry-block calibrator can control temperature very stably and still produce an incorrect calibration result....
Testing Circuit Breaker Timing: Measuring Opening Time, Closing Time and Pole Synchronism Correctly
A circuit breaker may appear electrically faultless while still operating mechanically too slowly, unevenly or...
Selecting a Frequency Converter for 50/60 Hz Testing: Correctly Sizing Voltage, Frequency and Load Type
An electrical device designed for 60 Hz cannot be realistically tested in Germany simply because...
Monitoring a Reference Standard Between Calibrations: Using Check Measurements and Drift Limits Effectively
A valid calibration certificate confirms the condition of a reference standard at the documented calibration...
Teaching a Capacitive Point Level Switch: Consider Dielectric Constant, Vessel Wall and Buildup
Capacitive point level switches can detect liquids, pastes, slurries, powders and bulk solids. Unlike a...
Extending Load Cell Cables: Correctly Accounting for 4- and 6-Wire Technology, Sense Lines and Voltage Drop
Load cells often provide only a very small analog output signal in the range of...
Polarization Index PI and DAR: Correctly Assessing Insulation Condition
A single insulation resistance value of, for example, 500 MΩ initially only indicates the resistance...
Glycerin or Silicone Oil in Pressure Gauges: Choosing the Right Filling Liquid
Liquid-filled pressure gauges are mainly used where vibrations, pulsating pressures or mechanical shocks cause the...
Insulation Testing of Long Cables: Consider Charging Time and Safe Discharge
Long electrical cables do not behave like a simple high-resistance load during an insulation test....