Load Cell Does Not Return to Zero After Unloading: Distinguishing Creep, Hysteresis and Mechanical Stress
A zero point that does not return completely can have various causes that must be...
Coriolis Flowmeters with Abrasive Media: Correctly Monitoring Measuring Tube Wear and Zero-Point Trends
A Coriolis flowmeter has been measuring a solids-containing suspension for several years. The mass flow...
Gas-Actuated Thermometer with Remote Capillary: Correctly Planning the Capillary, Ambient Temperature and Routing
The temperature is to be measured on a hot pipeline, but the display must be...
Square-Root Extraction in Differential Pressure Transmitters: Correctly Scaling the 4–20 mA Signal for Differential-Pressure Flow Measurement
For a conventional differential-pressure flow measurement using an orifice plate, nozzle or Venturi tube, normally...
Measuring PV I-V Curves: Detecting Shading, Mismatch and Defective Modules Using I-V Curves
According to the data sheet, a PV string has an open-circuit voltage of approximately 850...
Measuring Ripple on a 24 V Power Supply: Tracing Sensor Noise and PLC Interference Back to the Power Supply
A pressure transmitter is actually providing a stable 4...20 mA signal, yet the analog value...
Pressure Calibration Pump Does Not Generate Stable Pressure: Systematically Check Valves, Check-Valve Function and Seals
A hand-operated test pump is pressurized to 10 bar, the fine adjustment valve is no...
Using a PID Gas Detector for VOC Measurement: Understanding Ionization Energy and Correction Factors
A PID gas detector displays, for example, 50 ppm VOC. Does this mean that 50...
Radar Level Measurement with a Low Dielectric Constant: Correctly Assessing Echo Reserve and Antenna Selection
Radar level sensors operate without contact and are therefore an attractive solution for many tanks...
Operating Pressure Switches with Inductive Loads: Correctly Planning Contact Loading, Arc Suppression and Interposing Relays
A pressure switch is intended to switch a solenoid valve, contactor or relay when the...