Test Gas for Gas Analyzers: Selecting Zero Gas and Span Gas Correctly
A gas analyzer has a measuring range of 0 … 1,000 ppm CO. Test gases...
Calibrating an Absolute Pressure Sensor with a Gauge Pressure Reference: Correctly Applying Barometric Correction
An absolute pressure sensor is to be tested at 6 bar absolute. However, only a...
Avoiding IIoT Alarm Floods: Configuring Hysteresis and Delay Correctly
A pressure sensor monitors a filter and is intended to trigger an alarm at a...
MFR or MVR: Correctly Distinguish Melt Mass-Flow Rate and Melt Volume-Flow Rate
A polypropylene is specified with an MFR of 12 g/10 min, while the test instrument...
Dose Rate and Distance: Applying the Inverse Square Law in Radiation Protection
If a dose rate of 100 µSv/h is measured at a distance of 1 m...
Voltage Transformers for Measuring Circuits: Correctly Select Ratio, Burden and Protection
A voltage transformer with a ratio of 400 V / 100 V initially seems simple...
Cos φ and True Power Factor: Correctly Evaluate Power Factor with Variable Frequency Drives
A variable frequency drive may, for example, show a cos φ of 0.98 on the...
Connect a Pressure Gauge Radially or Axially: Choose the Right Installation Position
A pressure gauge with a measuring range of 0 … 10 bar can be perfectly...
Connect a Temperature Switch to a PLC: Understanding PNP and Switching Logic
An electronic temperature switch may, for example, correctly show 72 °C on its display while...
Correctly Evaluate Oil Condition Sensors: Detect Aging Trends Early
A single measurement of dielectric constant or conductivity is not enough to reliably determine whether...