MFR or MVR: Correctly Distinguish Melt Mass-Flow Rate and Melt Volume-Flow Rate
A polypropylene is specified with an MFR of 12 g/10 min, while the test instrument...
Dose Rate and Distance: Applying the Inverse Square Law in Radiation Protection
If a dose rate of 100 µSv/h is measured at a distance of 1 m...
Voltage Transformers for Measuring Circuits: Correctly Select Ratio, Burden and Protection
A voltage transformer with a ratio of 400 V / 100 V initially seems simple...
Cos φ and True Power Factor: Correctly Evaluate Power Factor with Variable Frequency Drives
A variable frequency drive may, for example, show a cos φ of 0.98 on the...
Connect a Pressure Gauge Radially or Axially: Choose the Right Installation Position
A pressure gauge with a measuring range of 0 … 10 bar can be perfectly...
Connect a Temperature Switch to a PLC: Understanding PNP and Switching Logic
An electronic temperature switch may, for example, correctly show 72 °C on its display while...
Correctly Evaluate Oil Condition Sensors: Detect Aging Trends Early
A single measurement of dielectric constant or conductivity is not enough to reliably determine whether...
Convert Level to Liters: Correctly Linearize a Horizontal Cylindrical Tank
A fill level of 50 % in a horizontal cylindrical tank actually corresponds to 50...
Calculate Speed Sensor PPR: Correctly Determine Pulse Frequency and Rotational Speed
A speed sensor may appear suitable for 10.000 min⁻¹ and still reach its frequency limit...
Oxygen Analysis in Process Applications: How to Compare Paramagnetic, Electrochemical and Other Measurement Principles
An oxygen concentration of 2 % can place completely different demands on measurement technology depending...