Measurement technology for heating, air conditioning and HVAC systems

Heating systems

Modern heating systems are a central component of technical building equipment and contribute significantly
to efficiency, cost-effectiveness and comfort. While traditional heat generators such as gas and oil heating systems
are still common in many existing buildings, innovative technologies such as heat pumps, solar thermal systems or
combined heat and power units are becoming increasingly important. Today, the focus is no longer solely on heat generation,
but on the optimal interaction of intelligent control, precise sensor technology and efficient heat distribution.

Heating systems are increasingly understood as integrated energy systems. They automatically adjust their output
to actual demand and use modern components for measurement and control — such as temperature sensors, pressure sensors,
flow meters or heat meters. This allows energy consumption to be transparently monitored, systems to be operated safely
and unnecessary costs to be avoided. Especially with rising requirements for energy efficiency and sustainability,
these measurement and control components play a decisive role.

Another trend is the increased use of hybrid solutions that combine different heat generators. For example, a gas
condensing boiler can be combined with a heat pump or solar thermal system to utilize environmental heat while ensuring
peak load coverage. These systems combine cost-efficiency, safety and environmental compatibility in a single, intelligent
overall concept. For operators, this means a long-term reliable and flexible solution that can be adapted to changing
requirements.

Modern heating systems also offer significant advantages in terms of building comfort. Precise temperature control,
better heat distribution and reduced maintenance requirements ensure pleasant and stable operation. By using high-quality
measurement and sensor products, operating times can be extended, malfunctions reduced and key parameters integrated
into higher-level systems — from simple local displays to full integration into building management or IoT structures.

Finally, cost-effectiveness throughout the entire lifecycle plays a decisive role. Although the initial investment
in modern heating technology may be higher than for conventional systems, the costs often pay off within a few years
thanks to lower energy consumption, reduced emissions and potential subsidy programmes. At the same time, building value
is significantly increased through modernization.

Whether new construction, renovation or modernization — selecting the right heating system requires a careful analysis
of building characteristics, user profile and energy requirements. With a broad range of solutions and precise measurement
and control technology, ICS Schneider Messtechnik offers the right components to design heating systems that are efficient,
safe and future-oriented.

Advantages of modern heating systems at a glance

• Increased energy efficiency through optimized control and demand-based power adjustment
• Reduced operating costs through transparent monitoring of consumption and operating conditions
• Higher comfort thanks to precise temperature control and even heat distribution
• Improved operational safety through continuous monitoring of key measurement parameters
• Future-proof thanks to the ability to integrate renewable energy and hybrid concepts
• Increase in building value through modern, sustainable heating technology

Typical heating systems and relevant measurement parameters

Solar thermal systems

Solar thermal systems use the sun’s energy to provide heat for domestic hot water or to support heating systems.
They are among the most efficient forms of renewable heat generation and make a significant contribution to reducing
CO₂ emissions as well as lowering energy costs. Thanks to mature technology, durable components and
intelligent control systems, solar thermal systems can today be used economically in both new buildings and existing properties.

The basic principle of solar thermal energy is simple: sunlight heats the heat transfer medium in the collectors, which
transports the heat via a heat exchanger into the storage tank. Modern systems use precise temperature and flow sensors
to optimise energy yield while ensuring safe operation.
By combining them with condensing boilers, heat pumps or hybrid heating systems, high efficiency levels can be achieved throughout the year.

Advantages of solar thermal systems

• Significant reduction in heating and hot water costs
• Use of renewable energy sources and reduction of CO₂ emissions
• Long service life and low maintenance requirements
• High efficiency through modern sensor technology and intelligent control systems
• Flexible integration into existing heating systems and hybrid solutions
• Increase in building energy standards and long-term value enhancement

Solar thermal systems are characterised by low maintenance requirements, long service life and stable operating costs.
They are particularly attractive for users who wish to permanently reduce their energy costs and significantly increase
the share of renewable energy in their buildings.
With proper system design — taking into account roof area, collector orientation, storage capacity and heat demand —
high solar coverage rates can be achieved.

High-quality measurement and sensor products are used for performance monitoring and control:
temperature sensors on collectors and storage tanks, flow meters in solar circuits, and heat meters for yield monitoring.
These components are essential for optimising operation, detecting faults at an early stage and transparently displaying the actual energy yield.

Typical solar thermal systems and relevant measurement parameters

Combined heat and power units (CHP)

Combined heat and power units (CHP) are among the most efficient systems for decentralized energy supply.
They operate on the principle of combined heat and power (CHP), generating both electricity and heat simultaneously.
As a result, the fuel used is significantly better utilized compared to separate generation systems.
Their use is particularly economical where a constant heat demand exists throughout the year – for example in
multi-family buildings, commercial enterprises, hotels or municipal facilities.

The heart of a CHP unit is an engine that drives a generator. The waste heat generated during the combustion process
is transferred into the heating system via heat exchangers and used for space heating or domestic hot water.
For safe and efficient operation, precise measuring instruments are essential: temperature and pressure sensors
monitor the heating circuit, flow meters control heat transfer and heat meters document the actual energy yield.

Typical applications and advantages

• Use in buildings with constant heat demand (e.g. hotels, residential complexes, commercial properties)
• Simultaneous generation of electricity and heat significantly increases overall energy efficiency
• Reduction of energy and operating costs through self-consumption of electricity
• High security of supply and stable economic performance
• Can be combined with condensing boilers, heat pumps or solar thermal systems
• Possible integration into district heating networks or hybrid energy systems

Depending on output range and application, the design and operation of a CHP unit vary.
While micro and mini CHP units are mainly used in residential settings, larger units serve
commercial and industrial applications. Key factors for selection include heat demand, operating hours,
fuel type and integration into existing heating systems.

Typical CHP variants and relevant measurement parameters

For long-term economic operation, precise monitoring of all relevant measurement parameters is essential.
Modern sensor technology enables continuous performance analysis, identification of optimization potential and
early fault detection. This extends operating times, reduces maintenance costs and significantly increases
the overall economic efficiency of a CHP unit.

Heat pumps

Heat pumps are one of the most important technologies for energy-efficient and sustainable heating today.
They use the heat stored in the environment — from air, ground or groundwater — and convert it into usable heating energy
through a thermodynamic process. This enables them to provide a large portion of the required heat from renewable sources
and significantly reduce energy consumption.

Modern heat pump systems operate highly automated and adjust their output precisely to the current heating demand.
Precise sensor technology plays a central role here: temperature sensors monitor the source temperature and
the flow temperature, flow meters provide important data for efficiency, and pressure sensors ensure trouble-free
operation of the refrigeration circuit. These measurement parameters enable not only energy-optimized operation
but also long-term operational reliability.

Typical applications and advantages of heat pumps

Heat pumps are particularly suitable for well-insulated buildings and heating systems with low flow temperatures,
such as underfloor or surface heating systems. Due to continuous technical improvements, modern units are increasingly
attractive for existing buildings as well.

• Very high energy efficiency through the use of environmental heat
• Reduction of heating costs with simultaneously low CO₂ emissions
• Ideal for new buildings, renovations and low-temperature systems
• Can be combined with photovoltaics, buffer storage and hybrid heating systems
• Low maintenance requirements and long service life
• Future-proof thanks to the use of renewable energy sources

Depending on the heat source, design, efficiency and requirements for hydraulics and control vary.
The choice of the right heat pump depends strongly on local conditions and the desired performance range.

Types of heat pumps and typical measurement parameters

Through the use of modern sensor technology and intelligent control strategies, heat pumps achieve
high seasonal performance factors and enable precise output modulation.
This not only reduces energy consumption but also extends the service life of the system.
In combination with photovoltaics and energy management systems, they also enable largely
self-sufficient heat supply — an important step toward sustainable building technology.

Wall-mounted gas boiler

Wall-mounted gas boilers are among the most compact and flexible heat generators for residential buildings and small
commercial units. They combine efficient condensing technology with minimal space requirements and can be easily
integrated into existing heating systems. Thanks to their wall-mounted design, they are particularly suitable for buildings
with limited installation space, such as kitchens, bathrooms or utility rooms.

Modern wall-mounted gas boilers utilise the residual heat contained in the exhaust gases via a condensing heat exchanger,
achieving very high efficiencies. Precise measurement and control technology plays a central role in ensuring safe and
efficient operation: temperature sensors ensure a stable flow temperature, pressure sensors monitor heating circuit pressure,
and flow meters record domestic hot water demand in real time. This enables rapid modulation of output while reducing
gas consumption.

Why wall-mounted gas boilers remain a sensible choice in many buildings

• Compact design, ideal for limited installation areas
• High efficiency thanks to modern condensing technology
• Short response times and fast domestic hot water provision
• Lower investment costs compared to other heating systems
• Easy integration into existing heating installations
• Can be combined with solar thermal systems and buffer storage

In addition to classic heating-only boilers, combination boilers are also available, providing both heating and
domestic hot water. These particularly space-saving units are ideal for apartments or smaller houses with low to
medium hot water demand. Larger buildings, on the other hand, often rely on systems with an external hot water
storage tank to ensure consistently high hot water performance.

Types of wall-mounted gas boilers and relevant measurement parameters

Through the use of modern sensor technology and electronic control systems, wall-mounted gas boilers can now be
precisely adapted to actual heating and hot water demand. This leads to a significant reduction in operating costs
while enabling comfortable and low-disruption system operation. In combination with solar thermal systems or
hybrid solutions, wall-mounted gas boilers continue to offer an economically attractive and technically reliable option
in building heating technology.

Heat transfer and distribution stations

Heat transfer and distribution stations form the central link between heat generation and the individual
consumer circuits of a building. They ensure that heating energy is distributed efficiently, safely and according
to demand to radiators, underfloor heating systems or domestic hot water circuits. Due to their compact design and
modular construction, they can be used flexibly in almost any building type – from single-family homes to large
residential complexes or commercial buildings.

A modern station typically consists of heat exchangers, control valves, pumps, temperature sensors and
precise measurement and control technology. These components ensure that heat is optimally transferred to the
consumers and that hydraulic processes within the system remain stable. Especially in combination with energy-efficient
heat generators such as heat pumps, CHP units or district heating, proper heat distribution is crucial for achieving
high overall system efficiency.

Typical stations and relevant measurement parameters

Proper design of the heat transfer and distribution station is crucial for overall system efficiency.
It ensures that all heating circuits are hydraulically balanced, heat generators can operate in their optimal range
and user comfort is maintained. If precise control is missing or measurement values are insufficient,
this leads to energy losses, uneven heat distribution and increased wear on system components.

Advantages of modern heat transfer and distribution stations

• Even and demand-based heat distribution throughout the building
• High operational safety through transparent monitoring of key measurement parameters
• Optimal integration of different heat generators
• Reduced energy consumption through hydraulically optimised systems
• Modular design enables easy adaptation to building structures
• Hygienic domestic hot water preparation in fresh water stations

Through the use of modern sensor technology and intelligent control strategies, heat transfer and distribution stations
make a significant contribution to the overall performance of the heating system. They form the basis for low operating
costs, high efficiency and safe, comfortable system operation – today and in the future.

Industrial boiler systems

Industrial boiler systems form the foundation for the reliable provision of process heat, steam or
hot water in commercial and industrial applications. They are used wherever large amounts of heat
are required continuously or in peak loads – such as in food production, the chemical industry,
metal processing, the textile sector or other energy-intensive industrial processes.

These systems are characterised by robust construction, high performance and extensive
safety equipment. Modern industrial boilers operate with precise measurement and control technology
to reliably monitor temperatures, pressures and flow rates. This is essential to ensure safe operation,
exploit efficiency potential and detect malfunctions at an early stage.

Special requirements for industrial boiler systems

• High thermal output for continuous or variable process requirements
• Strict safety standards and monitoring of critical operating parameters
• Efficient heat transfer to reduce energy losses
• Reliable operation even under demanding conditions
• Integration into automated process chains and control systems
• Long-term cost efficiency through optimised fuel consumption

Depending on the application, design, fuel type and control technology vary considerably.
Classic steam boilers are used in production processes, while hot water boilers
are preferred for large heating systems. Firing systems, pressure maintenance components and
heat exchangers are just as much a part of the equipment as a dense network of sensors and
safety-oriented monitoring technology.

Types of industrial boiler systems and typical measurement parameters

The efficiency of industrial boiler systems depends largely on the precise monitoring of all relevant
measurement parameters. Temperature and pressure sensors ensure safe operating conditions, flow meters
allow detailed analysis of heat transfer, and heat meters support the assessment of energy consumption.
With modern digital monitoring and control systems, operators can identify energy-saving potential,
optimise maintenance cycles and minimise downtime.

Overall, industrial boiler systems are an essential component of energy supply technology in many industries.
Their performance and reliability are crucial for stable production processes and economically efficient operations.

Ventilation and air handling systems (HVAC)

Ventilation and air handling systems (HVAC) ensure controlled supply and exhaust air in buildings and are
essential for a healthy, comfortable and energy-efficient indoor climate. They provide filtration,
temperature control, humidification or dehumidification, as well as CO₂ regulation,
ensuring optimal conditions for people, processes and sensitive equipment. Reliable air handling is
particularly indispensable in work environments, public buildings, production facilities or laboratories.

Modern HVAC systems operate energy-efficiently and use heat recovery systems, precise
sensor technology and intelligent control mechanisms to continuously optimise air quality,
temperature and humidity. Key measurement parameters include air flow rates, pressures, humidity levels,
CO₂ concentrations and temperatures – enabling demand-oriented control and high operational
reliability. The use of sensors and monitoring also helps reduce energy consumption and detect
operational disturbances at an early stage.

Typical functions and advantages of HVAC systems

• Ensuring hygienic, controlled air exchange
• Filtration of particles, pollutants and aerosols
• Regulation of indoor temperature and humidity
• CO₂ and VOC monitoring for improved indoor air quality
• Heat recovery to reduce energy consumption
• Stabilisation of process and production conditions

Depending on the application, design, performance and functionality of HVAC systems differ significantly.
While simple ventilation units with heat recovery are sufficient for residential buildings,
industrial systems require extensive filtration stages, precise pressure regulation or controlled
climate zones. Particularly strict requirements apply in cleanrooms, operating theatres or
production environments with sensitive materials.

Typical HVAC systems and relevant measurement parameters

A professionally planned HVAC system significantly contributes to lower energy costs, improved
user comfort and safe system operation. With modern sensor technology – such as for airflow,
differential pressure, CO₂ content or humidity – air quality standards can be reliably
met while simultaneously collecting operational data for maintenance and optimisation. This makes
HVAC systems an indispensable component of modern building technology.

Overall, HVAC systems enable sustainable and controlled air supply in buildings and industrial environments.
They not only improve air quality and hygiene but also contribute significantly to energy efficiency –
especially through heat recovery and demand-based control.