Particular attention is given to the physical construction to ensure that shocks have minimal effect on the reference sensor. The use of robust measuring elements in thinfilm technology ensure standardised and reliable performance.

Intensive ageing tests are carried out at the maximum operating temperature to examine longterm temperature stability. In order to detect longterm effects through thermal stress, a defined tempering process is carried out with a special selection of reference sensors over 300 hours. In the case of stress caused by thermocycling, no significant hysteresis effects were found.

The physical structure of the reference sensors requires that different materials be joined together. The special design of the joint areas prevents the occurrence of parasitic thermoelectric voltages. Thus the measurement reading is not affected by the temperature gradients from the measurement point to the handle.

In examining the self-heating characteristics it was seen that measurement currents ≤ 1 mA are ideally suited, since no distortion of the measurement result occurs. Here the self-heating effect can be neglected.